Cultural Identity, colonialism, and gentrification in Puerto Rico: Bad Bunny’s El Apagón as a case study
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5429/2079-3871(2025)v15i.10enKeywords:
identity, Music Video, Puerto Rico, reggaeton, gentrification, colonialisAbstract
A new phenomenon of Latin music, Benito Antonio Martínez Ocasio, or better known as Bad Bunny, has triumphed worldwide, being the most listened to artist on Spotify in 2021, 2022 and 2023.
The Puerto Rican artist's relationship with his country of origin has always been very close since cultural references to the island abound in his lyrics and song narratives. A nationalist feeling almost against the American mentality that thinks of Puerto Rico as a US state, connecting transnationalism in addition to presenting postcolonial cultural differences. Puerto Rican culture presents diversity and heritage, not only musically, but also in popular culture. In this sense, Bad Bunny makes multiple references to characters from Puerto Rico as well as widely known songs from his land.
References
Amílcar, Antonio Barreto. 2001. “Constructing identities: Ethnic boundaries and elite preferences in Puerto Rico”, Nationalism and Ethnic Politics, 7:1, 21-40 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13537110108428619
Cáceres Rivera, Minelu E., Rivera Colón, María del Mar & Pérez Otero, Gabriel. 2022. “The migration and culture of Puerto Ricans: art as a method for resistance”, International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 35:8, 891-903 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09518398.2022.2061070
Castillo, Francisco. 2021. “Bad Bunny y Bach: Mitos e imaginarios culturales”, Análisis, 53, 1-31 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15332/21459169.6498
Chalk, Lauren. 2022. "Representing Reggaeton through Fans' Online Community Archives." In Fandom Histories, edited by Philipp Dominik Keidl and Abby S. Waysdorf, special issue, Transformative Works and Cultures, 37 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3983/twc.2022.2123
Díaz Fernández, Silvia. 2021. “Subversión, postfeminismo y masculinidad en la música de Bad Bunny”, Revista de Investigaciones Feministas, 12(2), 2021, 663-675. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5209/infe.74211
Duany, Jorge. 2000. “Nation on the move: the construction of cultural identities in Puerto Rico and the diaspora”, American Ethnologist, American Anthropological Association DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/ae.2000.27.1.5
García Martínez, Alfonso. 2006-2007 “The construction of the identities”, Cuestiones Pedagógicas, 18, 207-228
Gudiño Cabrera, Juan. 2019. “La música como herramienta política de los condenados: un acercamiento a la bomba puertorriqueña”, Centro Journal, 31: 2, 161-180
Howard Giles, N. Llado, David J. McKirnan, and D.M Taylor. 1979. “Social Identity in Puerto Rico” International Journal of Psychology, 14, 185-201 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00207597908246730
Kogan, Liuba, Tubino, Fidel. 2001. “Identidades culturales y políticas de reconocimiento”. En Interculturalidad: creación de un concepto y desarrollo de una actitud, 53-62
Manuel, Peter. 1994. “Puerto Rican Music and Cultural Identity: Creative Appropriation of Cuban Sources from Danza to Salsa, Ethnomusicology’, Music and Politics, Spring - Summer, University of Illinois Press on behalf of Society for Ethnomusicology 38: 2, 249-280 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/851740
Negrón-Muntaner, Frances. 2004. Boricua Pop. Puerto Rican and the Latinization of American Culture, New York and London: New York University Press
Platt, Sarah V. 2018. “Nociones de género, música urbana y cultura popular: Cómo el fenómeno Bad Bunny está redefiniendo la masculinidad” 1er Coloquio sobre Hombres y Masculinidades
Rivera, Raquel, Marshall, Wayne, Hernandez, Deborah. 2009. Reggaeton, Durham and London: Duke University Press DOI: https://doi.org/10.1215/9780822392323
Rivera- Rideau, Petra. 2015. Remixing Reggaeton. The cultural Politics of Race in Puerto Rico, Durham and London: Duke University Press DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9780822375258
Rodríguez Vázquez, Adriana M. 2022. “The impact of Hurricane María on the political participation of Puerto Rican University students in UPR Cayey”, International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 35:8, (2022), 873-890 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09518398.2022.2061071
El Apagón (Kacho López-Mari, 2022)
BBC News Mundo, 6 February 2023, n.p. available at https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-america-latina-64544200 Accessed: 19 April 2023
Diario Libre, 29 July, 2022, n.p https://www.diariolibre.com/revista/musica/2022/07/29/bad-bunny-arremete-contra-politicos-y-los-apagones-en-pr/1978425 Accessed: April 2023
Ramos Rosado, Victor. 2021 El Nuevo Dia, n.p. available https://www.elnuevodia.com/entretenimiento/musica/notas/soy-de-ustedes-por-siempre-asi-se-vivio-el-concierto-de-bad-bunny-en-el-choliseo/ Accessed: 19 April 2023
Puerto Rico Rises official website https://www.prrises.org/index.html
Fullana Acosta, Mariela. 2021 Press Release, n.p available https://www.pressreader.com/puerto-rico/el-nuevo-dia1/20211213/281651078409367 Accessed: 19 April 2023
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 IASPM Journal

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Authors retain copyright, while licensing their work under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License.