Grunting Alone? Online Gender Inequality in Extreme Metal Music
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5429/675Keywords:
Extreme metal, gender, tokenism, YouTube, scenes, vocal coversAbstract
The global metal scene is a highly skewed field of cultural production in which women are greatly under-represented. As tokens, women are likely to be subjected to gender-biased evaluations, the male gaze, and are held accountable when breaking gender roles. This paper investigates the online gender dynamics in extreme metal by conducting a content analysis of the comments on videos of females (and males) performing ‘vocal covers’ on YouTube. Surprisingly, men and women tend to be evaluated along similar lines, suggesting the possibility that women might utilize the Internet for individual music production to circumvent offline gender inequality.References
Abramo, J. M. (2011) Gender Differences of Popular Music Production in Secondary Schools. Journal of Research in Music Education 59 (1): 21-43.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022429410396095
Bayton, M. (1998) Frock Rock: Women Performing Popular Music. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
Beckwith, K. (2002) “Black Metal Music is for White People”: Constructs of Colour and Identity with the Extreme Metal Scene. M/C Journal 5: 3.
http://journal.media-culture.org.au/0207/blackmetal.php Accessed 14 Jan 2013.
Bennett, A. (2004) Virtual Subcultures? Youth, Identity and the Internet. In
Andy Bennett and Keith Kahn-Harris Eds. After Subculture: Critical Studies in Contemporary Youth Culture. Eds. Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 162-172.
Bennett, A. and Peterson, R. (2004) Music Scenes: Local, Translocal, and Virtual. Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press.
Bielby, W. (2003) Rock in a Hard Place: Grassroots Cultural Production in the Post-Elvis Era. American Sociological Review 69: 1-13.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000312240406900102
Brown, A. (2011) Heavy Genealogy: Mapping the Currents, Contraflows and Conflicts of the Emergent Field of Metal Studies, 1978-2010.” Journal for Cultural Research 15 (3): 213-242. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14797585.2011.594579
Bryson, B. (1996) “Anything but Heavy Metal": Symbolic Exclusion and Musical Dislikes. American Sociological Review 61 (5): 884-899.
Burgess, J. and Green, J. (2009) YouTube: Online Video and Participatory Culture. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Carson, M., Lewis, T. and Shaw, S. (2004) Girls Rock! Fifty Years of Women Making Music. Kentucky: The University Press of Kentucky.
Chaker, S. (2013) “Extreme Metal? It’s just a boy thing…!?” Quantitative Befunde zum Geschlechterverhältnis im Black- und Death Metal. Presentation on 11 October 2013 on the international conference “Music, Gender & Difference,” Universität für Musik und darstellende Kunst Wien, Austria.
Clawson, M. A.(1999) Masculinity and Skill Acquisition in the Adolescent Rock Band. Popular Music 18 (1): 99-114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0261143000008746
Coates, J. (1997) One-at-a-Time: The Organization of Men’s Talk. In Sally Johson and Ulrike Hanna Meinhof Eds. Language and Masculinity. Oxford: Wiley, 107-129.
Cohen, S. –
(1991) Rock Culture in Liverpool: Popular Music in the Making. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
(1997) Men Making a Scene: Rock Music and the Production of Gender. In Sheila Whiteley Ed. Sexing the Groove: Popular Music and Gender. New York: Routledge, 17-36.
Cordero, J. (2009) Unveiling Satan's Wrath: Aesthetics and Ideology in Anti-Christian Heavy Metal. Journal of Religion and Popular Culture 21 (1).
http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/jrpc.21.1.005
De Koster, W. (2010) “Nowhere I could talk like that”: Togetherness and identity on online forums. PhD. Erasmus University, Rotterdam.
Eysenbach, G. and Till, J. (2001) Ethical Issues in Qualitative Research on Internet Communities. Information in Practice 323: 1003-1005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.323.7321.1103
Ferrero, S. (2007) A 'Bounded Virtuality': ICTs and Youth in Alghero, Sardinia. In Paul Hodkinson and Wolfgang Deicke Eds. Youth Cultures: Scenes, Subcultures and Tribes. New York and London: Routledge, 203-216.
Frandsen, D. (2011) Two Steps Past Insanity: The Expression of Aggression in Death Metal Music. In Colin McKinnon, Niall Scott and Kristen Sollee Eds. Can I play with Madness? Metal, Dissonance, Madness and Alienation. Oxford: Inter-Disciplinary Press, 35-40.
Frith, S. (1983) Sound Effects: Youth, Leisure, and the Politics of Rock. London: Constable.
Frith, S. and McRobbie, A. (1990) Rock and sexuality. In Simon Frith and Andrew Goodwin Eds. On Record: Rock, Pop and the Written Word. London: Routledge, 371-389.
Gafarov, I. (2011) Qualitative Research in Understanding the Metal Community. In Colin McKinnon, Niall Scott and Kristen Sollee Eds. Can I play with Madness? Metal, Dissonance, Madness and Alienation. Oxford: Inter-Disciplinary Press, 73-78.
Gregory, G. (2013). Transgender Tribute Bands and the Subversion of Male Rites of Passage through the Performance of Heavy Metal Music. Journal for Cultural Research 17 (1): 21-36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14797585.2011.633835
Gruzelier, J. (2007) Moshpit Menace and Masculine Mayhem. In Freya Jarman-Ivens Ed. Oh boy!: Masculinities and Popular Music. New York: Routledge, 59-75.
Harrison, T. (2007) “Empire”: Chart Performance of Hard Rock and Heavy Metal Groups, 1990-1992. Popular Music and Society 30 (2): 197-225.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03007760701267730
Hesmondhalgh, D. (2005) Subcultures, Scenes or Tribes? None of the Above. Journal of Youth Studies 8 (1): 21–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13676260500063652
Hill, R. L. (2012) Pleasure in Metal: What Women Fans Like About Hard Rock and Metal Music. Heavy Metal Fundamentalisms 4th Global Conference, Heavy Metal Generations. Prague, 9-11 May, 2012. http://www.inter-disciplinary.net/critical-issues/ethos/music-metal-politics/conference-programme-abstracts-and-papers/session-9-sources-of-pleasure/ Accessed: 20 May 2013.
James, R. M. (2009) Autonomy, Universality, and Playing the Guitar: On the Politics and Aesthetics of Contemporary Feminist Deployments of the “Master's Tools”. Hypatia 24 (2): 77–100.
Johnson-Grau, B. (2002) Sweet Nothings: Presentation of Women Musicians in Pop Journalism. In Steve Jones Ed. Pop Music and the Press. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 202-218.
Kahn-Harris, K. –
(2000) Roots?: The Relationship Between the Global and the Local within the Extreme Metal Scene. Popular Music 19 (1): 13-30.
(2003) Death Metal and the Limits of Musical Expression. In Martin Cloonan and Reebee Garofalo, eds. Policing Pop. Philidelphia: Temple University Press.
(2007) Extreme Metal: Music and Culture on the Edge. Oxford: Berg.
Kanter, R. M. (1977) Men and Women of the Corporation. New York: Harper Collins.
Krenske, L. and McKay, J. (2000) “Hard and Heavy”: Gender and Power in a Heavy Metal Music Subculture. Gender, Place and Culture 7 (3): 287-304.
Kruse, H. (2010) Local Identity and Independent Music Scenes, Online and Off. Popular Music and Society 33 (5): 625-639. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03007760903302145
Lange, P. (2007) Commenting on Comments: Investigating Responses to Antagonism on YouTube. Society for Applied Anthropology conference. Tampa, Florida, 31 March. http://sfaapodcasts.files.wordpress.com/2007/04/update-apr-17-lange-sfaa-paper-2007.pdf Accessed 20 May 2013.
Lincoln, S. (2005) Feeling the Noise: Teenagers, Bedrooms and Music. Leisure Studies 24 (4): 399-414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02614360500199544
Livingstone, S. (2007) From Family Television to Bedroom Culture: Young People’s Media at Home. In Eoin Devereux, Ed. Media Studies: Key Issues and Debates. London: Sage Publications, 302-321.
Mudrian, A. (2004) Choosing Death: The Improbable History of Death Metal and Grindcore. Washington: Feral House Publishing.
Mulvey, L. (1975) Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema. Screen 16 (3): 6-18.
Purcell, N. (2003) Death Metal Music: The Passion and Politics of a Subculture. Jefferson: McFarland.
Riches, G. (2011). Embracing the Chaos: Mosh Pits, Extreme Metal Music and Liminality. Journal of Cultural Research 15 (3): 315-332.
Ridgeway, C. (1997) Interaction and the Conservation of Gender Inequality: Considering Employment. American Sociological Review 62 (2): 218-235.
Ridgeway, C. (2011) Framed by Gender: How Gender Inequality Persists in the Modern World. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Roth, L. M. (2004). The Social Psychology of Tokenism: Status and Homophily Processes on Wall Street. Sociological Perspectives 47 (2): 189-214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/sop.2004.47.2.189
Schippers, M. (2002) Rockin’ Out the Box: Gender Maneuvering in Alternative Rock. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
Schwalbe, M., Holden, D., Schrock, D., Godwin, S., Thompson, S. and
Wolkomir, M. (2000). Generic Processes in the Reproduction of Inequality: An Interactionist Analysis. Social Forces 79 (2): 419-452. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sf/79.2.419
Sedgwick, E. K. (1985) Between Men: English Literature and Male Homosocial Desire. New York: Columbia University Press.
Sernoe, J. (2005) “Now we're on the Top, Top of the Pops”: The Performance of “Non‐Mainstream” Music on Billboard's Albums Charts, 1981–2001. Popular Music and Society 25 (5): 639-662. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03007760500142670
Shank, B. (1994) Dissonant Identities: The Rock ‘n’ Roll Scene in Austin, Texas. Hanover, CT:Wesleyan University Press.
Théberge, P. (2001) “Plugged in”: Technology in Popular Music. In Simon Frith, Will Straw and John Street Eds. The Cambridge Companion to Pop and Rock. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 3-25.
Thewall, M., Sud, P. and Vis, F. (2012) Commenting on YouTube Videos: From Guatemalan Rock to El Big Bang. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology 63 (3): 616-629. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/asi.21679
Vasan, S. (2011) The Price of Rebellion: Gender Boundaries in the Death Metal Scene. Journal for Cultural Research 15:3 (2011): 333-350.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14797585.2011.594587
Walser, R. (1993) Running with the Devil: Power, Gender, and Madness in Heavy Metal Music. Hanover: Wesleyan University Press.
Weinstein, D. (1991) Heavy Metal: A Cultural Sociology. New York: Lexington Books.
Whelan, A. (2006) Do You Produce?: Subcultural Capital and Amateur Musicianship in Peer-to-Peer Networks. In Michael New Ed. Cybersounds: Essays on Virtual Music Culture. New York: Peter Lang, 57-81.
Williams, P. and Copes, H. (2005) “How Edge are You?” Constructing Authentic Identities and Subcultural Boundaries in a Straightedge Internet Forum. Symbolic Interaction 28 (1): 67-89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/si.2005.28.1.67
Yoder, J. (1991) Rethinking Tokenism: Looking Beyond Numbers. Gender and Society 5 (2): 178-192. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089124391005002003
Zhao, S., Grasmuck, S. and Martin, J. (2008) Identity Construction on Facebook: Digital Empowerment in Anchored Relationships. Computers in Human Behavior 24: 1816-1836. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2008.02.012
Downloads
Additional Files
Published
Issue
Section
License
Authors retain copyright, while licensing their work under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License.