Art to Commerce: The Trajectory of Popular Music Criticism
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5429/ij.v4i2.671Keywords:
music journalism, popular music criticism, rock criticism, Rock’s BackpagesAbstract
This article reports the results of a content and textual analysis of popular music criticism from the 1960s to the 2000s to discern the extent to which criticism has shifted focus from matters of music to matters of business. In part, we believe such a shift to be due likely to increased awareness among journalists and fans of the industrial nature of popular music production, distribution and consumption, and to the disruption of the music industry that began in the late 1990s with the widespread use of the Internet for file sharing. Searching and sorting the Rock’s Backpages database of over 22,000 pieces of music journalism for keywords associated with the business, economics and commercial aspects of popular music, we found several periods during which popular music criticism’s focus on business-related concerns seemed to have increased. The article discusses possible reasons for the increases as well as methods for analyzing a large corpus of popular music criticism texts.References
Argamon, S. and Olsen, M. 2009. Words, Patterns and Documents: Experiments in Machine Learning and Text Analysis, Digital Humanities Quarterly 3 (2). Retrieved from http://www.digitalhumanities.org/dhq/vol/3/2/000041/000041.html. Accessed: 15 December 2014.
Avery, K. 2011. Everything Is an Afterthought: The Life and Writings of Paul Nelson. Seattle: Fantagraphics.
Bonomo, J. 2012. Conversations With Greil Marcus. Jackson, Miss.: University Press of Mississippi.
Christgau, R. –
, January 26. Yes, There Is a Rock-Critic Establishment (But Is That Bad for Rock?), Village Voice. Retrieved from http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/rock/critics-76.php. Accessed: 15 December 2014.
Any Old Way You Choose It: Rock and Other Pop Music, 1967-1973 New York: Cooper Square Press.
A History of Rock Criticism. In A. Szanto, D. Levy and A. Tyndall Eds. Reporting the Arts II: News Coverage of Arts and Culture in America. New York: National Arts Journalism Program/Columbia University: 140-143.
Dalton, S. 2000, August 12. Eminem: America's Most Wanted. NME.
DeRogatis, J. 2000. Let It Blurt: The Life and Times of Lester Bangs, America's Greatest Rock Critic. New York: Broadway Books.
The End All Around Us: Apocalyptic Texts and Popular Culture. 2009. London: Equinox.
Ennis, P. H. 1992. The Seventh Stream: The Emergence of Rock and Roll in American Popular Music: Hanover.
Evans, M. 1998. "Quality" criticism: Music reviewing in Australian rock magazines. Perfect Beat 3 (4): 38-50.
Fenster, M. –
What hot is. Asymptote 1 (1): 16-17.
Consumers' Guides: The Political Economy of the Music Press and the Democracy of Critical Discourse. In S. Jones Ed. Pop Music and the Press. Philadelphia: Temple University Press: 81-92.
Fortnam, I. 2000, February. King Dongs and French Ticklers: Metallica with Strings Attached. Front.
Frith, S. –
Sound Effects: Youth, Leisure, and the Politics of Rock 'n' Roll. New York: Pantheon.
Playing with Real Feeling — Jazz and Suburbia Music for Pleasure: Essays in the Sociology of Pop. Cambridge: Polity Press: 45-63.
1973: A Year in Singles. In C. Heylin Ed. The Penguin Book of Rock & Roll Writing. London/New York: Penguin: 486-495.
Gennari, J. 1991. Jazz Criticism: Its Development and Ideologies. Black American Literature Forum 25 (3): 449-523.
Gudmundsson, G., Lindberg, U., Michelsen, M. and Weisethaunet, H. 2002. Brit Crit: Turning Points in British Rock Criticism, 1960-1990. In S. Jones Ed. Pop Music and the Press. Philadelphia: Temple University Press: 41-64.
Harris, J. 2009, June 26. Don't look back, The Guardian. Retrieved from http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2009/jun/27/music-writing-bangs-marcus/print. Accessed: 15 December 2014.
Hasted, N. 2000, February 4. Warren Zevon: Pictures From Life's Other Side, The Independent. Retrieved from http://www.rocksbackpages.com/Library/Article/warrenzevon-pictures-from-lifes-other-side. Accessed: 15 December 2014.
Hoskyns, B. 2000, April. CSNY: Love The Ones You're With. GQ.
Jones, S. –
Popular Music, Criticism, Advertising and the Music Industry. Journal of Popular Music Studies, 5: 79-91.
a. Pop Music and the Press: Popular Music and Journalism. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
b. Popular Music, Media, and the Written Word. In S. Jones Ed. Pop Music and the Press. Philadelphia: Temple University Press: 1-18.
Jones, S., Featherly K. 2002. Re-Viewing Rock Writing: Narratives of Popular Music Criticism. In Pop Music and the Press: Popular Music and Journalism. Philadelphia: Temple University Press: 19-40.
Klein, B. 2008. In Perfect Harmony: Popular Music and Cola Advertising. Popular Music and Society 31 (1): 1-20.
Kruger, D. 2000, June 16. Chicago: 34 years and counting. Goldmine.
Lester, P. –
a, January. Big Star: 'The Best of Big Star'. Uncut.
b, July. Moby: Whale of the Century. Uncut.
c, March. Oasis: Titanic! Uncut.
Lewis, M. M. 2000, March. Smashing Pumpkins: 'Machina/The Machines of God', L.A. Weekly. Retrieved from http://www.rocksbackpages.com/Library/Article/smashingpumpkins-machinathe-machines-of-god. Accessed: 15 December 2014.
Lindberg, U., Gudmundsson, G., Michelsen, M. and Weisethaunet, H. 2005. Rock Criticism from the Beginning: Amusers, Bruisers, and Cool-Headed Cruisers. New York: Peter Lang.
McLeod, K. 2001. One and a Half Stars: A Critique of Rock Criticism in North America. Popular Music 20 (1): 47-60.
Murray, C. S. 2000, October 19. 'Almost Famous': 1973 and all that / A tale of two rock critics, The Guardian. Retrieved from
http://www.rocksbackpages.com/Library/Article/almost-famous-1973-and-all-that. Accessed: 15 December 2014.
Norman, P. –
Rod Stewart: The Familiar Face, Sunday Times. Retrieved from
http://www.rocksbackpages.com/Library/Article/rod-stewart-the-familiar-face. Accessed: 15 December 2014.
Rod Stewart: Rod Forsaken, Sunday Times. Retrieved from
http://www.rocksbackpages.com/Library/Article/rod-stewart-rod-forsaken. Accessed: 15 December 2014.
O'Brien, L. 2000. Skunk Anansie: Second Skin. Telegraph Magazine.
O'Hagan, S. 2000, January 16. Major Tom.com, The Observer. Retrieved from http://www.rocksbackpages.com/Library/Article/major-tomcom. Accessed: 15 December 2014.
Pauly, J. J. 1990. The Politics of New Journalism. In N. Sims Ed. Literary Journalism in the Twentieth Century. New York: Oxford University Press: 110-129.
Penman, I. 1980, January 5. The Fall: All Fall Down. NME.
Piotrowski, M. 2012. Natural Language Processing for Historical Texts. Synthesis Lectures on Human Language Technologies 5 (2): 1-157.
Popular Music Criticism. 2003. Continuum Encyclopedia of Popular Music of the World: Media, Industry and Society.
Powers, D. –
Rock Criticism and Intellectual History at the "Village Voice," 1955-1972: ProQuest, UMI Dissertation Publishing.
'Bye bye rock': On the possibility of an ethics of rock criticism. Journalism Studies 10 (3): 322-336.
Writing the Record: The Village Voice and the Birth of Rock Criticism. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press.
Robbins, I. 1980, January. Remember Those Fabulous Seventies? A Musical Stroll From Woodstock To Punk-rock. Trouser Press.
Roberts, C. 2000, May. Wah & Peace. Uncut.
Sanjek, D. 1997. Funkentelechy vs. the Stockholm syndrome: The place of industrial analysis in popular music studies. Popular Music and Society 21 (1): 73-92.
Schipper, H. 1992. Broken Record: The Inside Story of the Grammy Awards. New York: Birch Lane Press.
Shuker, R. –
Understanding Popular Music. London: Routledge.
Key Concepts in Popular Music. London: Routledge.
Stratton, J. 1982. Between Two Worlds: Art and Commerce in the Record Industry. Sociological Review 30: 267-285.
Turow, J. 1992. Media Systems in Society: Understanding Industries, Strategies, and Power. New York: Longman.
Watson, M. R., and Anand, N. 2006. Award Ceremony as an Arbiter of Commerce and Canon in the Popular Music Industry. Popular Music 25 (1): 41-56.
Weisbard, E. –
a, May 10. Keeping Up With the Napsters, Village Voice. Retrieved from http://www.rocksbackpages.com/Library/Article/keeping-up-with-the-napsters. Accessed: 15 December 2014.
b, August 2. Napsternomics: The Pop Solution to Downloading, Village Voice. Retrieved from http://www.rocksbackpages.com/Library/Article/napsternomicsthe-pop-solution-to-downloading. Accessed: 15 December 2014.
c, April 30. Pop in the 90's: Everything for Everyone, The New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.rocksbackpages.com/Library/Article/pop-in-the-90severything-for-everyone. Accessed: 15 December 2014.
Williams, P. 2002. The Crawdaddy! Book: Writings (and Images) From the Magazine of Rock. New York: Hal Leonard.
Willoughby, D. 2011. Advice for a Young Music Journalist. Retrieved from http://davidwilloughby.wordpress.com/2011/10/13/advice-for-a-young-musicjournalist/. Accessed: 15 December 2014.
Wilson, L.J. 2003. “Pitchformula.com: Music criticism as a creative tool.” Retrieved from http://www.pitchformula.com/. Accessed: 15 December 2014.
Downloads
Additional Files
- Untitled
- Table 1: Keywords frequently associated with the business of music
- Figure 1. Frequency of all keywords, 1962-2013.
- Figure 2. Keyword occurrences and articles in database, 1962-2013.
- Figure 3. Frequency of keywords “sales,” “selling,” 1962-2013.
- Figure 4. Frequency of keywords “market,” “marketing,” “marketable,” 1962-2013.
- Figure 5. Frequency of keyword “industry,” 1962-2013.
- Figure 6. Frequency of keywords “commerce,” “commercial,” “commerciality,” “commercialization,” 1962-2013.
- Figure 7. Frequency of keyword “copyright,” 1962-2013.
- Figure 8. Keyword word cloud, 1962-2013.
- Figure 9. Keyword word cloud without keyword “business,” 1962-2013.
- Title Page
- Art to Commerce: The Trajectory of Popular Music Criticism - clean
- Author letter regarding revisions
Published
Issue
Section
License
Authors retain copyright, while licensing their work under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License.